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未做整理的英语资料
SWOT分析，实力机会分析；常用于企业的管理、营销、战略等领域。
S：Strength力量、优势；
W：Weakness劣势、弱点；
O：Opportunities机会、机遇；
T：Threats威胁
high net worth individual 有钱人。
night soil大粪
NIMBY (not-in-my-backyard)
The idea that people favor, e.g. waste disposal sites,
anywhere but in their immediate environment.
不要在我的后院
人们赞成的一种观念，即可以在任何地方，但不
要在他们附近的环境里建立垃圾处理场所。
nitrogen, nitrogenous fertilizer氮肥
nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Compounds which affect the human respiratory
system and plant growth. In combination with SOx,
one of the causes of acid rain.
氧化氮
影响人类呼吸系统和植物生长的化合物。与氧化
硫（SOx）相结合后，成为形成酸雨的原因之一。
nitrous oxide
A greenhouse gas.
一氧化二氮
一种温室气体。
no load fund
Money market fund that does not charge a fixed fee
commission to investors.
无佣金基金，不收手续费的基金
不向投资者收取手续费的货币市场基金。
nominal effective exchange rate
An effective exchange rate which is not adjusted for
relative inflation differentials.
名义有效汇率
没有按与通货膨胀有关的差幅进行调整的有效
汇率。
nominal price义价格
nominal protection coefficient - NPC
A coefficient that takes into account tariffs, quotas
and nontariff barriers that protect farmers as well as
the impact of export taxes or restrictions that
penalize farmers and the over- or undervaluation of
the exchange rate, when determining the incentives
or disincentives farmers face in different countries.
名义保护系数（简写为NPO）
这种系数考虑到保护农民的关税、配额和非关税
壁垒，也考虑到不利于农民的出口税或其他限
制，以及汇率高估或低估对不同国家农民产生的
激励和反激励影响。
nominal service基本服务
nominated subcontractor
Subcontractor approved by the employer or
engineer.
指定的分包商
指由业主或工程师批准的分包商。
nomination指定
nonaccelerating-wages rate of unemployment -
NAWRU
The level of unemployment at which wage growth
might be kept stable.
无工资增长的失业率（简写为NAWRU）
可使工资增长保持稳定的失业水平。
nonaccrual rate [World Bank]
Percentage of loans in nonaccrual status.
非应计率[世界银行]
非应计状况下的贷款比率。
nonaccrual status
When a borrower is placed in nonaccrual status,
accrued interest is eliminated from the financial
statement receivable balances and interest income is
correspondingly reduced. During the time the
borrower remains in nonaccrual status, interest
income is reflected in the financial statement only to
the extent actually received in cash. Placing a
borrower in nonaccrual status in no way affects the
interest payment obligations to the borrower;
interest continues to be billed on the original terms
of the loan.
非应计状况[世界银行]
借款人处于非应计状况时，应计利息不再出现在
财务报表的应收余额上，利息收入也相应减少。
在借款人处于非应计状况其间，利息收入只有在
实际收到现金时才反映在财务报表中。将借款人
置于非应计状况绝不影响其支付利息的义务，利
息仍按原定的贷款条件收取。
nonaccrual trigger point, date
Period, usually six months, before a loan or credit is
put into nonaccrual status.
非应计状况触发点，日期
即把一笔贷款或信贷置于非应计状况之前的一
段时间，通常为6个月。
nonaccruing loan非应计贷款见 nonperforming loan
nonctive borrower停止借款的国家 active borrower
nonassociated gas
Free gas not in contact with crude oil in the
reservoir.
非伴生天然气
在石油油藏中与原油不接触的单独的天然气。
Nonbank bank; nonbank finacian institution*非银行金融机构
nonbulk traffic
Carriage of small items, not in bulk form.非大宗运输品指小件物品的承运，而非大宗或散装的形式。
noncallable [bond]
Bond or other instrument that cannot be recalled or
redeemed prior to maturity.
不可提前收回的[债券]
不可在到期日以前收回或偿还的债券或其他票
据。
noncash expenses
Depreciation and amortization for the year and other
expenses appearing in an income statement which
are not subject to cash drawn down, and which
should be added to net income in preparing a sources
and applications of funds statement.
非现金开销
当年的折旧和摊销以及在损益表中出现的其他
开销。这些费用并不带来现金的减少，而在编制
资金来源和运用表时应加在净收入上。
noncash input
Agricultural input not in the form of cash.
非现金投入
非现金形式的农业投入。
noncash item非现金科目
noncash working capital
Working capital not in cash form, i.e. receivables
and inventories.
非现金流动资金
非现金形式的流动资金，如应收款和库存。
nonconcessional, nonconcessionary flows非优惠性资金流量
noncore project
Opposite of a core project, i.e. a project not in one of
the key designated by the Government.
非核心项目
核心项目的反义词，即不是政府指定的重点项目
之一。
non debt - creating flows*不产生债务的资金流动
8% currency
Protected 18% currency recovered by the Bank
under the accelerated recall procedure and
exchanged for an equivalent amount of currency
freely convertible and usable by the Bank.
非18%货币[世界银行]
世界银行按照“加速回收”程序收回的已加保护
的18%货币，并兑换成等值的可自由兑换并可由
世界银行使用的货币。
nonequity direct investment
Any of the following forms of investment which
have terms of at least three years and the other
characteristics individually specified. Investments
such as: production-sharing contracts, profit-
-sharing contracts, management contracts, franchising
agreements, licensing agreements, turnkey
contracts, operating leasing agreements and
subordinated debentures.
非股本直接投资
指以下任何一种形式，期限至少三年，并具有逐
一确定的特性的投资。这类投资包括产品分享合
同、利润分享合同、管理合同、特许权协议、许
可证协议、交钥匙合同、经营性租赁协议和次级
信用债券。
nonexcludable, nonexcludible goods
A good is said to be non-excludable if its provision
to any one person automatically makes it available to
others.
非独家商品，非排他货物
指只要向一家供应，就自动成为其他家也可以得
到的货物。
nonexpendable equipment
Used in UNDP to cover all items for which
inventory records are maintained at Agency HQ, i.e.
valued at more than $100 with a normal life
expectancy of more than 5 years.
非消耗性设备
联合国开发计划署对所有记录在机构总部存货
中的物品的称谓。即价值在100美元以上，正常
预计使用寿命在5年以上的物品。
nonfactor services - n.f.s.
In balance of payments, all services except for
interest payments and other income from capital and
wages, salaries and other income from labor.
非要素服务(简写为n.f.s.)
指在国际收支平衡表中，所有除了利息支付和来
自资本、工资、薪水的其他收入及来自劳务的其
它收入之外的所有服务。
non-food agricultural commodity非食品农业商品
Non-Food Agricultural Price Index [IBRD]非食品农产品价格指数[国际复兴开发银行]
nonformal education
Education taking place outside of schools, colleges
and universities and aiming to develop knowledge,
skills and attitudes that are not normally given
prominence in formal educational institutions.
非正规教育
在学校、学院和大学以外的地方进行的教育，旨
在开发通常为正规教育机构所不重视的知识、技
能和修养。
nonfuel minerals非燃料矿物
nongovernmental organization - NGO非政府组织（简写为NGO）
noninterest bearing note不附息票据
noninterest current account deficit不带息的经常项目赤字
noninterest deficit非利息赤字见 primary deficit/nonmarket economy非市场经济
nonmarket services [national accounts]
Services that do not have a commercial aim. Usually
used for the services provided by local and national
government and other official bodies.
非市场服务[国民帐户]
没有商业目的的服务。通常用来指地方和国家政
府及其它官方机构提供的服务。
nonnegotiable note非流通票据，不可转让票据
nonoil developing country非石油出口发展中国家
nonoperating income
The revenue of an enterprise derived from sources
other than its regular activities.
营业外收入，非营业收入
一个企业从其常规业务活动以外的来源取得的收入。
nonoriginal member [MIGA]
Full member, i.e. has signed and ratified the
Convention and paid initial capital subscription as
required by Resolution No. 12. of the Council of
Governors, adopted on March 1989, since adoption
of this Resolution.
非创始会员国[多边投资担保机构]
指在1989年3月理事会采纳12号决议以来，按该
决议要求，签署和批准“多边投资担保机构公
约”，并缴纳初始认购资本的正式会员国。
non-pension retiree medical costs吴养老金的退休人员医疗费用
nonperforming assets
Assets which have no financial return.
无盈利效能的资产，不良资产
没有财务收益的资产。
nonperforming debt
A debt which has no financial return (i.e. no interest
is paid on it).
无利息收入的放款
一笔没有财务收益（即没有利息收入）的债务。
nonperforming loan; nonaccruing loan
Loan where payment of interest has been delayed for
more than 90 days.
暂无利息收益的贷款；非应计贷款
利息拖欠超过90天的贷款。
nonpoint source
Discharge of pollutants from a non-specific source.
Includes runoff from city streets, parking lots,
agricultural land and construction sites.
无确定地点的污染源
从一个没有确定地点的源头排放出来的污染物，
包括从城市街道、停车场、农田和建筑工地排放
出来的污物。
nonportfolio project [IFC]
Project carried out by IFC that does not form part of
its loan portfolio, e.g. providing technical assistance.
非贷款业务项目[国际金融公司]
由国际金融公司进行的不构成其贷款资产的项
目，例如提供技术援助。
nonprice competition
nonprofit organization; not-for-profit organization非盈利组织
nonproject aid非项目援助
nonproprietary name无注册牌名，非专利品名
nonpurpose loan不规定用途的贷款
nonrecourse finance
A loan where the lenders look solely to the cash flow
generated by the project being financed for
repayment. There is no recourse to the sponsor of
the project, so that the lenders assume all the
commercial and political risks of the project.
无追索权的融资
贷款人只期望靠项目产生的现金流量来偿还贷
款的融资项目。因对项目的发起人没有追索权，
故由贷款人承担该项目的所有商业和政治风险。
nonrecourse participation
Sales of participation in a company where the sale is
on a “nonrecourse” basis, i.e. the buyer has no
recourse against the seller if the project fails to
generate money.
无追索权的参与
指在“无追索权”的基础上出售在一个公司中的
参股；即假如项目不能赚钱，买方对卖方没有追
索权。
nonrecurring expenses非经常性费用，临时费用
nonregular staff - NRS非正式职工（简写为NRS）
nonreporting nonmember country非报告非会员国
nonresponsive不作出反应的，无反应的
nonrevenue water
Water that is supplied but for which no revenue is
collected (e.g. illegal extraction, leakages).
无收入供水
指得不到收入的供水（如非法抽取，漏失等）。
nonstock corporation非股份公司
nontariff barrier - NTB
Factors other than tariffs inhibiting international
trade. Include advance deposits on import payments,
customs and administrative procedures and similar
practices.
非关税壁垒（简写为NTB）
指关税以外阻碍国际贸易的因素，包括进口付款
的预付金、海关和行政手续以及其他类似做法。
nontradable [noun]
A good that cannot be exported because its domestic
cost of production is higher than the export (fob)
price but lower than the import (cif) price.
非贸易物品[名词]
由于国内生产成本高于出口价格（离岸价），但
低于进口价格（到岸价），因而不能出口的货物。
nontraded goods
Tradable goods that for economic or policy reasons
are neither imported nor exported, or inherently
non-tradable goods.
非贸易物品
由于经济或政策上的原因，既不进口也不出口一
些的可贸易货物；或是本来意义上的非贸易货
物。
nontraded tradable; tradable but nontraded (good,
item)
Goods which would usually be imported were it not
for an import quota or outright ban enforced against
them.
非贸易的可贸易物品，可贸易的非贸易物品
即如果不是进口配额或直接地禁止进口的缘故，
通常会进口的货物。
“no objection” (procedure)
Procedure whereby a proposal is deemed approved
if no objection is formally received by a specified
date.
“不反对意见”（程序）
在规定日期内如不见正式提出异议，即被认为已
通过的程序。
no recourse sale
Sale where the buyer has no legal recourse against
the seller.
无追索权销售
指买方对卖方没有法律上的追索权的销售。
no-return equity无收益股本
normal financing正常融资
not applicable - n.a.不适用（简写为n.a.）
not available - n.a.不详、无资料可引（简写为n.a.）
notebook computer笔记本式电脑
not elsewhere specified - n.e.s.未另说明（简写为n.e.s）
not-for-profit organization; nonprofit organization非赢利组织
not included elsewhere - n.i.e.别处未包括的，未另列明（简写为n.i.e）
not-in-my-backyard不要在我的后院见 NIMBY
note [capital markets]/A bond with short- or medium-term maturity.票据[资本市场
短期或中期债券。
note deposit [IDA无息票据存款[国际开发协会]
note issuance facility - NIF 票据保险措施（简写为NIF）见 revolving underwriting facility
note issuE期票发行
notice of registration
Notice sent to applicant on receipt of preliminary
application for guarantee to show that the investment
has been registered by MIGA.
登记通知
收到初步担保申请时发给申请者的通知，表示多
边投资担保机构已将该项投资登记在案。
notice to proceed [contracts]
A letter sent to a vendor prior to the issuance of a
contract to ensure that certain basic agreements are
clearly understood by both parties. When signed by
both parties, this document establishes a contractual
relationship and is legally binding.
开工通知[合同]
在发包前给卖主的一封信，以保证双方对某些基
本协议已明确地理解。在双方签字之后，该文件
即确立了合同关系，并具有法律约束力。
nuclear housing
核心住房
见 core housing
nuclearization [education]
核心化，小型化 [教育]
nucleus estate
A central unit in the form of a processing plant or
plantation that provides technical assistance, inputs
and marketing services to its associated outgrowers
who, in return, sell their products through the unit.
中心场、站
以加工厂或种植场为形式的一个中心单位，向与
其有关的外围种植户提供技术援助、投入物和销
售服务。后者则通过它出售产品。
nuisance tariff
Very low tariff established merely to cause a
nuisance.
烦扰税
只是为了带来麻烦而征收的非常低的关税。
numeracy识数能力
numeraire货币兑换率标准，法币，硬币
nurse crop; cover crop保护作物，覆盖作物
nutrients营养成分
nutritional dwarfing营养不良性身材矮小见 stunting
objection to jurisdiction [ICSID]对裁判权的异议[解决投资争端国际中心]
objective function [economic analysis]
A function relating the objective (the variable to be
optimized) to the choice variable in an optimization
problem.
目标函数[经济分析]
在解决优化问题时，把目标（待优化的变量）与
选择变量相联系的涵数。
object-oriented programming system - OOPS
Type of computer programming where each object
carries out specific tasks and the information passed
between objects is in a standardized way. It is an
extension of structured programming.
目标导向程序编制系统（简写为OOPS）
指一种计算机程序编制系统。在这个系统中，每
一个目标都担负着具体的任务，相互之间通过标
准的方式传递信息。它是结构式编程的延伸。
occasional earnings非经常收益
ocean freight rate index
An index of trans-oceanic freight rates. For grains,
the Bank uses US/Canada (St. Lawrence) to
Antwerp/Rotterdam/Amsterdam; for sugar
Queensland, Australia to UK or Japan.
海洋货运费指数
一种远洋货运费率指数。对粮食，世界银行使用
美国/加拿大（圣劳伦斯）到安特卫普/鹿特丹/阿
姆斯特丹的费率；对食糖，使用从澳大利亚昆士
兰到英国或日本的费率。
octane booster
Fuel additive used to boost octane level. Lead has
been the main octane booster till recently but now
other, more environmentally friendly substances,
such as ether, are being used.
辛烷助燃剂
指提高辛烷值的燃料添加剂。到目前为止，铅曾
是主要的辛烷助燃剂，但现在正在使用别的环保
型材料，如乙醚。
off - balance - sheet item*资产负债表外科目
office automation办公室自动化
office occupancy fee - OOF
The fee paid by IFC to the Bank for occupying the I
Building.
办公室占用费（简写为OOF）
指国际金融公司向世界银行支付的I楼占用费。
official capital官方（政府）资本
official debt官方（政府）债务
official development assistance - ODA官方（政府）开发援助(简写为ODA )
official export credit官方（政府）出口信贷
official flows [development]官方（政府）资金流量[开发]
official holdings官方（政府）股票、财产
officialization (of debt)
Shifting of the composition of debt holdings from
commercial banks to official creditors.
（债务）官方化
指把商业银行的债务构成转移到官方贷款机构。
off-market transaction场外交易
off-season, out-of-season crop非时令，不合农时的作物
offset agreements
Countertrade in which a company agrees to buy
products unrelated to its normal business to
complete a sale.
抵偿性购货协定
一种对等贸易，其中一个公司为了完成一笔销售
同意购买与其正常业务无关的产品。
offset borrowings
Borrowings of funds by Bank from institutions
where deposits are held, prior to the maturity of the
deposits.
抵销性借款
指世界银行从有其存款的金融机构在存款到期
以前借入资金。
offshore assembly, processing
Production activity in a developing country
involving assembling materials produced in a
foreign country.
海外组装，海外加工
在一个发展中国家，用某一外国生产的原材料进
行组装的生产活动。
offshore bank海外银行
offshore cost
Assembly costs outside the host country.
海外成本、海外费用
发生在东道国以外的组装成本、费用。
offshore drilling近海钻井
offshore fielD近海油田
offshore market
non-domestic market, e.g. there is a domestic (US)
and offshore market in US dollars.
海外市场
非国内市场。例如美元有一个国内（美国）市场
和一个海外市场。
offshore processing, assembly
Production activity in a developing country
involving assembling materials produced in a
foreign country.
海外加工
在一个发展中国家，用某一外国生产的原材料进
行组装的生产活动。
offtake [livestock]
Livestock which can be taken out of a herd (flock,
etc.) and for marketing.
出栏畜[牲畜]
可以出栏上市的牲畜。
offtake rate [livestock]
The rate at which livestock is withdrawn from a herd
(flock, etc.) for marketing.
出栏率[牲畜]
可以出栏销售的牲畜占牲畜总数的比率。
off-the-shelf
现成的
off-the-shelf goods。Goods that are available ready made, i.e. that do not
have to be custom made.
现成货物/指已经做成待售的货物，即非客户定做的货物。
off-the-shelf purchases购买现成货物
off-the-shelf price/The price of goods obtained off the shelf.
现成货物价格/现成货物的价格。
off-the-shelf technology现成技术
oil油，燃油见 heating oil; heavy oil; heavy fuel oil
oil bill [national]石油帐单[国家的]
oil fired power station燃油发电站
oil (drilling) rig, platform石油钻井机、石油钻井平台
oil sands油砂
oil shale油页岩
oil shock石油危机
oilcake油渣饼
onchocerciasis; river blindness河盲症
on-costs [UK]; indirect costs/A cost not attributed to the production of a specified 。good or service but to an activity associated with production generally.外加成本[英国]；间接成本不是由于生产某种货物或提供某种服务而产生的成本，而是和总的生产有关的一项活动的成本。
on demand guarantee/Guarantee, such as a performance guarantee, where
the bank issuing the guarantee must pay the personor organization to whom the guarantee is given the sum guaranteed, on demand, without any reason
being given.
即付保证金/一种凭要求即付的保证金，如履行保证金。发出这种保证的银行必需凭要求按保证金额悉数支付被保证人或组织，无需提供任何理由。
one parent family单亲家庭
one-shot survey一次性调查
one-stop agency, shop/System whereby several bureaucratic procedures are
combined into one.
一揽子机构，一揽子商店/指把各种繁琐的官僚手续合而为一的制度。
on-farm consumption农场消费
on-farm developments, improvements农场发展，农场改进
on-farm research - OFR农场研究（简写为OFR）
onlend, to转贷
onlending; onward lending/Equivalent to relending in connection with new
money loans. The funds are recorded as a deposit in the central bank but the foreign bank and the contractual borrower (usually the Central Bank) agree that the loan proceeds will be made available to a third party within the country of the borrower.
转贷/是与新货币贷款相关的再贷款的同意词。这项资金作为存款过户到中央银行，但外国银行和合同借款人（通常为中央银行）同意借款人所在国的第三方使用贷款资金。
on-costs [UK]; indirect costs*外加成本[英国]；间接成本
onshore cost; local cost国内成本
on-the-job training在职培训
onward lending转贷见 onlending
open cast, cut, pit, strip mining露天开采，露天开矿
open economy/An economy which engages in international
开放经济/参与国际贸易的经济体。
open-ended commitment无限制承诺
open-ended contract; open-end contract
A contract providing an unspecified amount of
goods or services over a period of time, which may
or may not be specified.
不定量合同
一项在一定时间内（可以或不予规定）提供不定
数量的货物或劳务的合同。
open-ended group不限成员名额的小组(团体)
open-end (investment) fund; unit trust [UK]
An investment company that sells and reclaims its
capital stock continuously, selling it at book value,
adding a sales charge, and redeeming it at a slight
discount or at book value.
开放型 (投资) 基金；无定额（投资）资金；单位
信托基金[英国]
一个不断出售和回购其股本的投资公司，出售时
价格为帐面价值加销售费用；回购时价格则带少
量折扣或为帐面价值。
open general licence - OGL
System where, for a previously approved list of
commodities, qualified importers can automatically
obtain licenses and unlimited foreign exchange from
the authorities.
开放型一般许可证
在这种制度下，按照事先批准的商品目录单，合
格的进口商可以自动获得许可证，并从当局无限
制地取得外汇。
open-hearth steelmaking平炉炼钢
open market 1. The market maintained by government securities dealers. As regards U.S. Treasury borrowing operations, the open market is the money market in the case of short-term obligations or the capital market in the case of long-term obligations.
2. The general financial market.
开放市场
1、指由政府证券经纪人所维持的市场。就美国财政部借款业务而言，开放市场是短期债务的货币市场或长期债务的资本市场。
2、指一般金融市场。
open market operations*公开市场业务
open pit, open cast, open cut, strip mining露天开采，露天采矿
open registry flag; flag of convenience公开注册旗；方便旗
open tender; public tender公开招标
open unemployment公开失业
operating account
Revenue and expense account.
营业帐户
收入与支出帐户。
operating budget
A budget covering recurrent revenue and expense.
营业预算
包涵经常性收入和开支的预算。
operating deficit
营业亏损，营业赤字
operating department
A department in an organization which is
responsible for the basic operating functions of the
organization (as opposed to surpport department).
营业部门，业务部门
一个组织中负责基本业务职能的部门。（相对于
辅助部门而言）。
operating expenses, costs
The expense, other than financing, of carrying on the
normal activities of an enterprise.
营业费用，营业成本
企业进行正常活动（除了融资以外）所需的费用。
operating income, profit
营业收入，营业利润
operating lease
A lease where the asset is not wholly amortized
during the obligatory period (if any) of the lease, and
where the lessor does not rely for his profit on the
rentals in the obligatory period. In other words, the
payments received under the lease do not necessarily
cover the purchase price, and the lessor expects to
take the asset back and re-lease it or resell it.
Operating leases are often offered by equipment
manufacturers rather than finance houses.
营业性租赁
一种租赁业务，在这里，租赁期内租赁资产并不全部摊还，出租者的利润不取决于出租期内的租金收入。换言之，在出租期内收到的付款，不一定能弥补（设备）购价，出租人期望在租期满后收回资产重新出租或重新销售。营业性租赁通常是由设备制造商而不是由金融商所提供。
operating leasing agreement
Agreement with terms of at least three years where
the lessor leases capital goods to a lessee and where
rental payments are at least in part dependent on the
production, revenues or profits of the investment
project. Considered as a type of non-equity direct
investment for the purposes of MIGA.
营业性租赁协议
协议期限至少三年。出租人把资本货物租赁给承租人，租金至少部分取决于该投资项目的生产、收入或利润。多边投资担保机构视其为一种非股本直接投资。
operating losses营业损失
operating profit, income营业利润
operating program [IBRD]营业方案 [国际复兴开发银行]
operating ratio
The operating costs before debt service,
depreciation and other financing charges, divided by
operating revenues.
营业比率
即营业成本（在计入还债、折旧和其他融资费用前）除以营业收入。
operating subsidy业务补贴
operating surplus业务盈余，营业盈余
Operational Assistance - OPAS [UNDP]业务援助计划（简写为OPAS）[联合国开发计划
署]
operational cut-off; effective cut-off; operational
threshold
The maximum limit above which a country normally
does not receive IDA financing. In theory, countries
below the formal eligibility threshold can receive
IDA financing but, with the exception of a few small
island economies, do not.
业务界限；有效界限；业务临界指一个国家一般不再能获得国际开发协会融资的最高限度。理论上讲，在正式合格限度以下的国家都可以获得国际开发协会融资，但实际上，
除了少数小岛国以外，并不是这样。参见 formal eligibility threshold
operational department [IBRD]业务部门[国际复兴开发银行]
Operational Manual Statement - OMS业务手册条例(简写为OMS )
Operational Monthly Summary*业务（项目）简况月报
operational, operations research经营研究，业务研究
operational review业务评审
operational travel业务出差
Operations & Maintenance - O & M营运与维修保养（简写为O&M）
opportunity cost
The value of something forgone. For example, the
direct opportunity cost of a man-day of labor is what
the man would otherwise have produced had he not
been taken away from his usual occupation to be
employed in a project.
机会成本
指放弃的东西的价值。举例来说，一个人/日的劳动的直接机会成本是：一个人如不是由于受雇于某一项目而离开他通常从事的工作所能生产的价值。见 social opportunity cost
option bond选择债券见 multiple currency option bond
option value
The value given to keeping an asset (particularly an
environmental one) for possible future use.
选择价值
为将来可能的用途，而保持一项资产（特别是环资产）的价值。
oral procedure [ICSID]口头程序[解决投资争端国际中心]
oral rehydration therapy - ORT
method of treating victims of acute diarrhoea bygiven them, fluids containing oral rehydration salts which contain special substances to combat rehydration, such as sodium chloride,glucose, trisodium citrate or potassium chloride.
(防痢疾患者脱水的)口服补液疗法(简写为ORT )一种治疗急性腹泻的方法，即通过给病人服用含有特殊物质（如氯化纳、葡萄糖、柠檬酸三纳或氯化钾等）的口服补液以防止脱水。
orderly marketing arrangements - OMA
In international trade, a market-sharing pact that
restricts competition and preserves shares in
national markets for local manufacturers who would
otherwise lose out to cheaper or better products from
abroad.
有秩序的销售安排（简写为OMA）
在国际贸易中，一种限止竞争和为本国制造商保
留国内市场份额的市场分享公约，以防他们在来
自国外的价廉物美的商品竞争中失败。
ordinary share普通股见 common share
organizational fine tuning机构微调
organization expenses; formation expenses
Any cost incurred in establishing a corporation or
other form of organization, such as incorporation,
legal and accounting fees, promotional costs, etc.
These constitute an intangible asset.
组建费用，筹备费用
指在建立一个公司或其他形式的组织时所发生的一切费用。如注册，法律和会计费，公关费用等等。这些组成了一项无形资产。
original issue discount (OID) [bond]
Bond with a rate of interest below that demanded by
the market place and sold at a price at a significant
discount to par.
原发行面值折扣（简写为OID）[债券]种利率低于市场需求水平的债券，在出售时价
格按面值作相当大的折扣。
original member [MIGA]
Full member, i.e. has signed and ratified the
Convention and paid initial capital subscription
prior to adoption of Resolution No. 12.
创始会员国[多边投资担保机构]
即在多边投资担保机构“12号决议”之前签署和批准“多边投资担保机构公约”并缴付了初始认购资本的正式会员国。
origin tax原产地税
other official flows - OOF
The transfer of resources from donor governments to
developing countries which are not classified as
official development assistance. This concept is
used by the OECD to measure flows from DAC
countries to developing countries and to multilateral
organizations.
其他官方资金流量（简写为OOF）指不列入官方发展援助类别的捐款国政府向发展中国家转移的资金。这一概念是经济合作与发组织用以衡量从官方发展援助国家流向发展中国家和多边组织的资金流量的。
outage [electricity]停电[电力]
outgrower
Smallholder who manages his own crops but is
linked to a nucleus estate in the form of either a
processing plant or a plantation. The central unit
provides technical assistance, inputs and marketing
services and the outgrowers sell their products
through this unit.
外围种植户；这类小种植户经营自己的作物，但与一个中心场（站）相连，作为其加工厂或种植场。中心单位为其提供技术援助、投入物和销售服务，而小种植户通过这个中心出售他们的产品。
outlay account支出帐户见 income and outlay account
outlier
Datum that is greater than five standard deviations
from the mean.
非正常值
指大于均数5个标差的数。
outlier project
A one-off project.
外部项目
指一个主体之外的项目。
out-migration; rural exodus*
人口外流；农村人口外流
out-of-school education
Education taking place outside of schools, colleges
and universities and aiming to develop knowledge,
skills and attitudes that are not normally given
prominence in formal educational institutions.
校外教育
在校园外进行的，旨在开发知识、提高技术和改善态度的学院或大学教育。这是正式教育机构一般不太重视的。参见monfoimal education
out-of-season crop; off-season crop不合农时作物
outpatient treatment门诊治疗
outplacement（解雇前的）调职; 解雇后的 )新职介绍
outreach activities
Activities by a central authority (government, World
Bank) to establish contact with and assist people or
small business in provincial areas.
拓展活动
由中央部门（政府、世界银行）组织的一种活动，在与地方上的群众或小工商企业建立联络或提供援助。
outreach post
Local representative for an outreach program.
拓展职务
从事拓展计划的地方代表。
outreach program
Program by a central authority (central government,
World Bank) to establish contact with and assist
people or small business in rural areas.
拓展计划
由中央部门（政府、世界银行）组织的计划，旨在与农村地区的群众或小企业建立联系和提供援助。
outreach worker
Worker engaged in an outreach program.
拓展计划工作人员
从事拓展计划的工作人员。
outright sale
直接销售，无附带条件的销售
outsourcing; sourcing
The process whereby an institution, corporation, etc.
has an entire service carried out by an external
company or purchases its entire needs in a specific
area from an outside company.
外部采购
一个机构、公司等将整项劳务由一个外部公司承包，或从一家外部公司采购某个特定领域的全部需求。
outstanding bonds, securities, shares, stock
Capital stock in the hands of the public.
已发行(未偿还) 的债券，已发行(流通中) 的证券、股票指在公众手中的证券。
outstanding drawings [IMF]
In the International Monetary Fund, the total amount
of credit outstanding under the different Fund
policies and facilities.
未偿还提款[国际货币基金]
国际货币基金在不同融资政策及办法下发放在外尚未偿还的信贷总额。
outstanding external deb未偿还外债，外债余额
outstanding loans未偿还贷款，贷款余额
outward-looking, outward-oriented country外向型国家
overaccruals
Recording more money than was actually spent in a
set of accounts, for an item.
超计
记帐时，一个科目的计入额大于实际支出额。
overage loan
A special loan issued to cover excess costs on a
project.
超支贷款
一笔补足某一项目超支费用的特别贷款。
overdesign超度设计
overdraft facilities透支手段
overemployment过度就业
overexpenditures支
overexposure业务量过多，风险过大
overflow basin
Swampy area between river levees and valley sides,
set aside for the diversion of floodwater.
溢洪谷地
指在河堤与溪谷之间留作分洪之用的沼泽地带。
overgeared
量
overgrazing
过度放牧
overhang
Excess, normally of supply over demand.
过剩额
一般指供应过于需求的余额。
overhaul [equipment]
大修[设备]
overhead capital
间接资本
overhead costs; overheads
An actual cost of doing business that cannot be
associated directly with the production of a certain
product.
间接成本；间接费用
业务经营中的一种实际成本，但不能与某一产品
的生产产生直接联系。
overinvestment
过度投资
overlay [highways]
路面覆盖层[公路]
overnight funds
Short-term funds borrowed to be returned by the
following business day.
隔夜资金，日拆资金
在下一个工作日偿还的短期资金借贷。
overnight maturity
隔夜到期
overseas allowance
海外津贴
overshoot
超限度
overshooting
超限度
overstaffed
人员超编
oversubscription [capital markets]
超额认购[资本市场]
oversupply
供给过多，供应过剩
over-the-counter market; curb market
Market for securities not listed in any of the
exchanges (about 80 percent of total securities in the
U.S.). In the U.S. includes U.S. Government and
agency issues, state and local government bonds,
railroad bonds and shares, many public utility bonds
and shares, and most corporation and bank shares.
场外交易市场
指对没有在任何证券交易所上市的证券（在美国
它们占证券总额的80%）进行交易的市场。在美
国，它们包括美国政府和机构发行的证券，州和
地方政府债券，铁路债券和股票，许多公用事业
债券和股票，以及大部分公司和银行的股票。
over-the-counter securities
场外交易证券
own, to
E.g. the Government must own the program.
认承，视为己有
例如，政府必须认承该计划。
owner (of a project ); implementing agency;client*
（项目）业主，执行部门，项目单位，客户
owners' equity
股东权益
见 stockholders' equity
ownership (of a corporation)
（股份公司的）所有权
ownership (of programs)
（计划、规划）认承、视为己有
ownership structure (of a company)
（公司的）所有制结构
own price elasticity; price elasticity
The change in quantity (demanded or supplied)
which results from a given change in price.
自身价格弹性，价格弹性
指价格上的一定变动所导致的数量（需求或供
应）变动。
ozone-depleting potential - ODP
A measurement of the potential harm of the ozone
layer of each chlorofluorocarbon, based on the life
span of the CFC and the number of chlorine atoms it
contains.
臭氧消耗潜能（简写为ODP）
衡量每个氟氯烃对臭氧层的潜在损害的一种尺
度，其基础是氟氯烃的生命期和它包含的氯原子
数量。
ozone-depleting substance - ODS
Substance that contributes to destruction of the
ozone layer.
臭氧消耗物质（简写为ODS）
破坏臭氧层的物质。
参见greenhouse gas: ozone depletion
ozone depletion
The destruction of ozone molecules in the ozone
layer by chemical reaction with materials released
from human activities, including chlorofluorocarbons
and halons.
臭氧消耗
从人类活动中释放出来的物质（包括氟氯烃和卤
代烷哈龙）同臭氧层中的臭氧分子发生化学变
化，导致其破坏。
ozone hole
A large area over Antarctica discovered to have a
seasonal reduction of some 50% in stratospheric
ozone as a result of the release of ozone-depleting
substances. Subsequent discoveries suggest an
ozone hole may be forming in the Northern
Hemisphere.
臭氧洞
由于臭氧消耗物质的释放，南极洲上空大片区域
发现温层臭氧有季节性的减少50%。后来的发现
表明北半球可能在形成一个臭氧洞。
ozone layer
An area of the stratospheric ozone about 12 to 30
miles in altitude where the intensity of short
wavelength ultraviolet light from the sun is high
enough to convert normal oxygen (02) to ozone (03).
臭氧层
指近12到30英里厚的同温层臭氧区域。在那里，
来自太阳的短波长紫外线的强度足以使氧气
（O2）转变成臭氧（O3）。
ozone sink
Atmospheric zone where ozone reacts with nitric
oxide to form nitrogen dioxide and oxygen.
臭氧沉井
大气层中的一个区域，在这里臭氧与氧化氮反
应，形成二氧化氮和氧气。
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S -
safe drinking water
安全饮用水
见safe water
Safe Motherhood Fund [IBRD/WHO]
母亲安全基金[国际复兴开发银行/世界卫生组
织]
Safe Motherhood Initiative [IBRD/WHO]
母亲安全动议[国际复兴开发银行/世界卫生组
织]
safe water; drinking water; safe drinking water
Drinking water. The terms drinking water, safe
water and safe drinking water are used
interchangeably.
安全饮用水
饮用水。以上三个英文名词可相互替代使用。
safety net
安全网
salaries and wages
薪水和工资
saleability [securities]
可销售性[证券]
saleable assets
可出售资产
sale from portfolio
有价证券的出售
sale of loan maturities
到期贷款出售
sales tax
营业税，销售税
salt lick; mineral lick
牲畜舐用矿盐
salt water intrusion
Salt water entering fresh water, thereby destroying
freshwater sources.
盐水侵入
指盐水流入淡水中，使淡水资源遭到破坏。
salvage value
残值
sample survey [statistics]
抽样调查[统计]
sanitation
卫生
Saudi Arabian light (crude oil); light Arabian crude
The world's most prolific crude oil, frequently used
as a marker crude in establishing the prices of other
crudes.
沙特阿拉伯轻油（原油）；阿拉伯轻质原油
世界上储藏量最广的轻原油，常常用作其它原油
定价时的基准原油。
savings and loan association
储蓄与贷款协会
scarcity value
稀缺价值
scatter chart, diagram; scattergram
分布图，散点图
scattered plotting
散点标绘
schedular tax; scheduled tax
收入分类税，居地税
schedule
时间表，一览表，程序表，清单
schedule contract
进度合同
schedule of rates contract
A type of unit price contract, paid on the basis of a
schedule of rates. It is similar to a bill of quantities
contract but used where the quantity of work to be
performed is difficult or impossible to estimate in
advance, such as maintenance, drilling or dredging.
费率表计价合同
一种单位价格合同，按费率明细表付款。与工程
量合同相似，但在工作量难以或不可能事先估计
时使用，如维修、钻井或疏浚。
scheduled tax; schedular tax
收入分类税；居地税
school mapping
校区布局
scrap, to
废弃，报废
scrap value
残余价值
SDR currencies
特别提款权货币
Sea Island cotton; West Indian cotton; Egyptian
cotton; kidney cotton
海岛棉；西印度群岛棉；埃及棉；肾型棉
seasonal credit
季节性信贷
seasonally adjusted
按季节调整的
seasonal movements
季节性运动
seasonal peak
季节性高峰
seasoned securities
稳妥的证券
second-best optimum
If one of the conditions for Pareto optimality cannot
be fulfilled, then the best attainable situation (the
second-best optimum) can, in general, only be
achieved by departing from all the other Paretian
conditions.
次佳论
如果达到帕累托最佳状态的各种条件之一得不
到满足，那么，一般来说只有脱离帕累托所有其
他条件才可能达到的最好状态（次佳）。
second-best policy
次好政策
second generation special account - SGSA
Special account set up for use by a specific
implementation unit that cannot readily access the
special account to meet eligible expenditures as they
occur.
第二代专用帐户（简写为SGSA）
为特定执行单位设立的特别帐户，以便使该单位
在不能使用专用帐户前对已支出的合格费用进
行报销。
second lowest bidder
居第二位的最低报价者，次低报价投标者
seco nd tier bank
1. Bank used as secondary source for funds.
2. Smaller lenders, i.e. banks other than the main
commercial banks. Used particularly in Latin
America.
二级银行
1．作为二级资金来源的银行。
2．较小的贷款者，即除主要商业银行以外的银
行。特别用于拉丁美洲国家。
second tier country
A classification proposed by OECD which covers
those countries below the newly industrialized
countries but above other developing countries.
They are exporters of between $100 million and $2
billion worth of manufactured goods. Include Chile,
Cyprus, Haiti, Indonesia, Jordan, Macau, Malaysia,
Malta, Mauritius, Morocco,, Peru, Philippines, Sri
Lanka, Thailand, Tunisia and Uruguay.
二级国家
经经济合作与发展组织提出的一钟分类法，指低
于新兴工业化国家或地区但高于其他发展中国
家的那些经济体，即制成品出口在1亿到20亿美
元之间的国家。这些国家包括：智利、塞浦路斯、
海地、印度尼西亚、约旦、中国澳门、马来西亚、
马耳他、毛里求斯、摩洛哥、秘鲁、菲律宾、斯
里兰卡、泰国、突尼斯和乌拉圭。
secondary education
中等教育
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见lower secondary education; upper secondary
education
secondary energy; final energy
二次能源；最终能源
secondary market
二级市场
secondary market mortgage institution
二级市场抵押机构
secondary recovery
二次回收，二次开采
secondary reserves
次生储层，二次可采储量
secondary securities
次级证券
secondary transmission line; subtransmission line
Transmission line in a subtransmission system, i.e.
one which supplies distribution substations from
bulk power sources, such as large transmission
substations or generating stations.
二级输电线路；次级输电线路
一个二级输电系统中的输电线路，即从大容量电
源（如大型输变电站或发电站）给配电所供电的
输电线路。
secondment
借调
sector adjustment loan - SECAL; SAD
A loan aiming at major policy improvements in a
sector.
部门调整贷款（简写为SECAL; SAD）
旨在改进一个部门的主要政策的贷款。
sector GDP
The contribution to GDP generated by a particular
sector.
部门国内生产总值
一个具体部门产生的国内生产总值份额。
sector implementation review - SIR
部门执行情况检查（简写为SIR）
sector investment and maintenance loan - SIM
Loan aimed at investing in a particular sector
maintaining the level of activity in that sector.
部门投资和维持贷款
指为向一个特定部门的投资提供的贷款，用以维
持该部门的一定水平的活动。
sector loan
A loan geared towards a particular sector.
部门贷款
对某一特定部门的贷款。
secular trend
Long-term average of a statistical series, usually
understood to cover at least three or four
generations.
长期趋势
一个统计系列的长期平均趋势，通常理解为跨越
至少三代至四代人口。
secure a loan, to
取得一笔贷款，担保一笔贷款
secured loan
抵押贷款
securities (custody) account
证券（保管）帐户
securities dealer; securities firm
Firm acting as a principal rather than an agent in the
securities market.
证券商，证券商行（公司）
证券市场中，作为自营商而不是代理商的商行。
securities market
The primary and secondary market for negotiable
equity (stocks) and long-term debt instruments
(bonds).
证券市场
从事可流通的股本（股票）和长期债务工具（债
券）交易的初级和二级市场。
securitization
1. Issue of securities in exchange for debt. The
Bank has used it to specifically refer to “the
packaging and selling of a pool of creditor risks in
the form of a security”.
2. The tendency on financial markets to make
greater use of securities, i.e. firms issue securities
rather than borrow directly from banks.
证券化
1．发行证券以交换债务。世界银行用来专指“以
一种证券的形式将债权人的一批风险组合起来
并予以出售”。
2．金融市场更多地利用证券筹资的趋势，即企
业通过发行证券而不是从银行直接借款来筹资。
security
1. document giving title to property or claim on
income.
2. Income-yielding paper traded on the stock exchange
or secondary market.
有价证券，抵押品，担保品
1．赋予财产所有权或对收入的求偿权的文书。
2．在证券交易所或二级市场上交易的能产生收
益的票据。
security agreement
担保协议
security lending
Lending of securities which the IBRD owns (typically
a U.S. Government obligation) against receipt
of cash or similar securities as collateral in amounts
equal to or higher than the market value of the
security lent.
借出证券
国际复兴开发银行把自有证券（通常为美国政府
债券）作为抵押品出借，以换取现金或类似的证
券，其金额等于或略高于借出的证券的市场价
值。
security of tenure
使用期保障
security sharing agreement [IFC] *
抵押品或保险金等分享协议[国际金融公司]
sedimentation ponds
Pond where waste water is temporarily stored to
allow the solids to settle out.
沉淀池
暂时贮存废水以沉淀其中固体物质的水池。
seed
种子
见breeder seed; certified seed; field seeds;
foundation seed; registered seed
seed capital; seed money
种子资本，原始资本；种子资金，
seed farm
育种农场
seed garden
育种园
seed money; seed capital
种子资金
seed plant
种子作物
seedling
秧苗，树苗
seine fishing
围网捕鱼
seismic survey
地震勘查，地震调查
seizure [legal]
Act or process of seizing property by virtue of a writ
or other legal order to satisfy a judgment made by a
court under the authority of a legal order.
没收，扣押，查封[法律]
在法律决议授权下，根据令状或其他法律命令查
封（或扣押）财产，以完成一项法院判决的行为
或过程。
selection felling, cutting
Harvesting of only a small proportion of the standing
crop.
CSRC中国证券监督管理委员会
drawing on：
Night was drawing on.夜渐深.
Time is drawing on.时间越来越晚了，时间剩下不多了。
Winter is drawing on.冬天渐渐来临了。
发表于2007-03-19 18:42:28 348 人阅读 0 条评论
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